Effective Instructional Strategies For Adult Learners

Effective Instructional Strategies For Adult Learners College and universities across America are experience a change in student demographics from traditional to adult students. The adult student (those 25 and older) population in higher education continues to grows (Palazesci Bower, 2006; ODonnell Tobbell,2007; Giancola, Grawitch, Borchert, 2009; Vaccaro Lovell, 2010). The U.S. Department of Education reported an increase in nontraditional students from 28% in 1970 to 39% in 1999. Today, the U.S. Department of Education reported in its National Center for Educational Statistics(2006) reported that first-time full-time students are now in the minority in higher education. This growing population of adult learners bring unique characteristics to the learning environment. One might then expect to observe significant difference in instructional strategies of instructors of traditional and adult students. However, despite the unique characteristics of adult learners, the traditional approach to instructional strategies, in particular the lecture method, used in many traditional classrooms is utilized in the adult learning environment as well. While there are no inherent negative outcomes associated with the lecture method (Masikunis, Panayiotidis, Burke, 2009; Giers Kreiner, 2009; Revell, Wainwright, 2009), characteristics of adult learners may provoke the investigation of alternative instructional strategies. Adult Learning Malcom Knowles first introduced the idea that adult and children learning differently due to developmental and experiential differences in the 1970s (Knowles, Holton, Swanson, 2005). Prior to Knowles work, pedagogy was the focus of instructional strategies in higher education. The pedagogy model required the instructor to be in control of the learning and was the main focus of Knowles coined the term andragogy to describe a core set of principles of adult learning to build a more effective learning process for adults (p. 2). The six principles of andragogy are: The learners need to know; Self-concept of the learner; Prior experience of the learner; Readiness to learn; Orientation to learning; and Motivation to learn. (p. 3) Knowles stressed andragogy as a process model rather than the content model characteristic of pedagogy. The difference is not that one deals with content and the other does not; the difference is that the content model is concerned with transmitting information and skills whereas the process model is concerned with providing procedures and resources for helping learners acquire information and skills. (Knowles, Holton, Swanson, 2005, p. 115) Knowles maintained these principles, or assumptions, as foundational in designing meaningful learning experiences for adult learners (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2007). In addition to considering the characteristics of adult learners, Merriam, Caffarella, and Baumgartner (2005) emphasize the importance of recognizing learning in an adults life occurs in structured and informal learning environments. This recognition allows educators of adults to take into consideration the vast experience and knowledge adult students bring to the learning environment. Prior knowledge then becomes foundational to the learning experience. Also, the recognition that learning occurs in multiple arenas of life enables educators to assist adult learners in understanding they are lifelong learners. This may lessen the adults anxiety of entering a formal educational setting. The learning environment may be new, but the experience of learning new knowledge or skills is not. Lifelong learner is part of the adults life. Brookfield (1986) addressed the social aspect of adult learning. the acts of teaching and learning and the creation and alteration of our beliefs, values, actions, relationships, and social forms that result from this are ways in which we realize our humanity (p. 1). From this belief, Brookfield (1986) presented six principles for facilitating learning: Participation in learning is voluntary; adult engage in learning as a result of their own volition. Effective practice is characterized by a respect among participants for each others self-worth. Facilitation is collaborative. Facilitators and learners are in a cooperative enterprise in which, at different times and for different purposes, leadership and facilitation roles will be assumed by different group members. Praxis is placed at the heart of effective facilitation. Learners and facilitators are involved in a continual process of activity, reflection upon activity collaborative analysis of activity, new activity, further reflection, and collaborative analysis, and so on. Facilitation aims to foster in adults a spirit of critical reflection. The aim of facilitation is the nurturing of self=-directed, empowered adults. While Knowles advocated that adults learn differently than children, he understood the application of andragogy assumptions were dependent on the learning situation. In all learning situations, the needs of the learner are paramount in designing an effective learning experience. Knowles (as cited in Knowles, Holton, Swanson, 2005) stated: My intention, therefore, was to present an alternative set of assumptions to those that had been traditionally made by teachers of children, so that others would have another choice. I saw them as assumptions to be tested (not to be presumed), so that if a pedagogical assumption was the realistic condition given situation then pedagogical strategies would be appropriate. For example, if I were now, at age 66, to undertake to learn a body of totally strange content (for example, the higher mathematics of nuclear physics), I would be a totally dependent learner. I would have very little previous experience to build on, I probably would have a low degree of readiness to learn it, and I dont know what developmental task I would be preparing for. The assumptions of pedagogical assumptions would be appropriate. (p. 146) However, with that said, in many learning situations adult learners do bring a readiness to learn, do have experiential background, and XXXXXXXXXXXXX. In this context, learning strategies appropriate to the adult learner should be considered. Institutional Reaction to Adult Learners Despite the continual struggle of adult learners for voice and value in higher education (Sissel, Hansman, Kasworm, 2001), institutions appear to acknowledge the unique population of adult learners (Simpson, 2004). Institutions offer degree programs specifically addressing the need to provide alternative student services, multiple delivery modes (in-seat and online), and flexibility in scheduling (Durey, 2007). Matkin (2004) identifies two distinct markets in higher education: the residential student (traditional students) and the nonresidential (nontraditional student). The members of the two markets have different reasons for seeking education, different backgrounds, different service needs, and different pathways through which they are attracted (recruited) to education (p. 62). While, some in higher education academy may still harbor distrust in these nontraditional programs for adult learners, Tweedell (2007) contends many programs that target the adult population have been mor e deliberate in planning and implementing quality than other education programs whose theories and practices are rooted only in tradition (p. 5). In addition to addressing opportunities for adult students to pursue higher education opportunities, educators must investigate and implement instructional strategies that address the needs of adult learners. Instructional Strategies Several models of adult learning inform best practices in adult learning. Knowles (as cited in Brewer, 2005) provided guidelines for development and practice in adult learning programs. Central components of Knowles theory are self-directedness , a focus on experiential learning, learner reliance on past experiences, adult motivation to learn, and goal orientation associated with problem solving (p. 23). Effective instructional strategies for adult learners: Incorporates learners goals and objectives Provides opportunities for content to build on past experiences and knowledge Focus on problem oriented and practical strategies Require active learner participation Provides opportunities for application of new knowledge and skills Provide opportunities for both independent and collaborative learning Implications for Faculty Development Conclusion

Early Intervention in North Carolina

Early Intervention In North Carolina â€Å"Early intervention is a term that often is used to describe specific agencies, programs, services, and resources. In North Carolina, early Intervention has been described as a system of services provided by many different agencies and programs for children birth to five and their families. The system is for students who are having difficulties In the general education classroom but has not been placed Into the special education class. This comprehensive, interagency system is called TogetherWe Grow. Together We Grow has two parts 1) – the Infant-Toddler Program for children birth to three & 2) the Preschool Program for children ages three to five. † The early intervention system of services is provided under federal law, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Part C of the IDEA provides the federal mandate for services for young children. North Carolina Early Intervention Branch (NCEI) Is a part of the N. C. Di vision of Public Health and is the lead agency for the Infant Toddler Program (ITP).Research has found this to be the critical time to offer positive opportunities for child development. The state of North Carolina offers eighteen Children's Developmental Services Agencies (CDAs) across the state and they work with local services to improve the children success. Together We Grow (ITP) serves families whose children have certain levels of developmental delay or conditions. They offer Service Coordination Physical, occupational and speech-language therapies Family support Special instruction Assistive technologyOther services Basic safeguards are providing to secure confidentiality of the passing of the child information. Together We Grow Preschool Program: â€Å"In February 2010, Superintendent June Atkinson created NCDPIS Office of Early Learning to implement a strategic focus on the Pre-K – Grade 3 learning continuum and its impact on high school graduation. NCDPl's focus o n Pre-K through Grade 3 alignment of standards, curriculum, Instructional practices and assessment maximizes learning gains for children throughout these early grades, providing a trong academic foundation that leads to improved high school graduation rates. There are many services that are offered within the Early Intervention program.

Surrogacy and Kant - 1558 Words

Ethical Decision Making Paper The following case involves a seventy one year old male patient who told his family if the time ever came when he could not sustain life on his own he didn’t want measures taken to do so. This patient found out in the late summer of 2008 he had stage four pancreatic cancer. The doctor gave him about four weeks to live. At this point he took things into his own hands and made his daughter durable power of attorney for his healthcare needs. Over the next few weeks he became very week and could no longer walk. He stopped eating and drinking due to the mixture of him not feeling well and the medication he was taking. Eventually Hospice was called in to help assist with him and provide some comfort†¦show more content†¦The daughter of the patient also thought she was doing well by following her father’s wishes. At this point with the patient is in the last few days of his life the best thing at this point would be to honor his last wish and do nothing to sustain his life any longer. The second of the ethical theories we are looking at is Utilitarianism which is an act that Is right if it helps bring about the best balance of benefits over burdens (Purtilo 73). Utilitarianism is an effort to provide an answer to the practical question â€Å"What ought a man to do?† Its answer is that he ought to act so as to produce the best consequences possible (Hamric, : Spross, and Hanson, 2000)... There are not many consequences of taking out the IV line because the end result is still terminal. Step 4: Exploring the Practical Alternatives: Option 1- The patient stated to his daughter his wishes regarding the issue of his healthcare. The patient clearly stated when the time came for him to die if he could not sustain life on his own he wanted no steps taken to prolong his life. Therefore while he was still in sound mind he made his daughter Durable power of attorney over his healthcare needs. The patient should have signed a DNR to insure his wishes were followed through with. In that situation there would have been no doubt or second guessing by the family on what he wanted. Option 2- The family had aShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of Utilitarianism And Deontology1368 Words   |  6 PagesConsidering Ethical Dilemmas through Utilitarianism and Deontology Kant’s theory of deontology and Mill’s theory of utilitarianism provide starkly different approaches to assigning moral value to ethical dilemmas, two modern dilemmas being commercial surrogacy and physician-assisted suicide. This essay will expound upon the process of deciding moral value within each ethical theory and then apply this decision process to the two ethical dilemmas. Arguments will be posited in support or in opposition toRead MoreCommercial Surrogacy : A Current Complex Issue That Evokes Strong Moralistic Response1327 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior. Though it is impossible for these legislative decisions to please every single individual in a society, these governs are passed in morality of the thousands of elected parties in charge. Commercial surrogacy is a current complex issue that evokes strong moralistic response. Commercial surrogacy takes away the childbearing element in the reproductive period for individuals looking to have or extend a family. It has opened the doors for many who cannot bear children of their own though this behaviorRead MoreEthical Dilemmas for Nurses on End of Life Issues5633 Words   |  23 Pagesdown by Beauchamp and Childress in 1979, and form the framework within which medical ethics is now normally taught to student doctors and nurses as reported in (Warnock, 2005). In autonomy we respect a patient’s right to self-determination, but surrogacy may be invoked where a patient loses the capacity to express their wishes. While in Beneficence-we should promote good for our patient, always. In the Ethical principle of Non-maleficence states ‘First do no harm’ while the justice principle

The New Imperial Movement - 915 Words

With the new imperial movement came with a lot of inequality and destruction with the colonies. Droughts, famines, and diseases were at high in Asia, specially India and China, and could have been preventable. The British government and other imperial powers could have stepped in and helped prevent and or lessen the severity of in those areas, yet none of them received help. There was a surplus amounts of food available in those countries plus with the addition of railroads that could have easily help with fast transportation more effective and efficient to get food to these people, yet still nothing happened to help the ones in needs that were used to help fuel European economy, mainly Great Britain’s. As Davis says in his book, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nià ±o Famines and the Making of the Third World, â€Å"We are not dealing, in other words, with ‘lands of famines’ becalmed in stagnant backwaters of world history, but with the fate of tropical humanity a t the precise moment (1870-1914) when its labor and products were being dynamically conscripted into a London-centered world economy. Millions died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism; indeed, many were murdered†¦.†. With this there was a dramatic rise in European wealth and low economic wealth in the colonies, especially the ones with natural disaster like India. The political and economic decisions made by these imperial powers were resulted in these disasters. Those with economic and political power rule and decidedShow MoreRelatedChina s Rural Crisis : China1403 Words   |  6 PagesChina’s backwardness to its own citizens and, and also heightened the already existing conflicts within China itself. It directly challenged the cultural nexus of power, which held China together for hundreds of years. This system combined the imperial examination system, standard marketing community, language of lineage, and popular religions to promote the cultural form of governance. These different aspects interwoven and provided a structure that guided the Chinese in the reproduction of state’sRead MoreThe Revolutionary Period Of 1763 Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesrevolutionary period of 1763 through 1830 brought newfound ideas of liberty as well as increased focus on the rights of man, promulgating new rhetoric surrounding human rights. The American Revolution launched a global movement in which the people took a stand against their oppressors and fought for governmental autonomy. This international movement brought forth new political ideology, as well as increased the voice of the people. The political thinkers associated with the various global revolutionsRead MoreThe Great War Was A Cause Of World War I979 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great War was a result of our leader’s aggression towards other countries which brought about and supported the rising of nationalism of the different nations. Imperial competition and the fear of wa r prompted our military alliances to get ready for war. Nationalism was a cause of World War I. Nationalism could have been explained as an extreme form of patriotism and loyalty to your county, nationalism placed the all of their interested above all the other countries and thought that somehow theyRead MoreThe Cultural Value Of Ballet1618 Words   |  7 Pagesballet pursued its most defining escalation upon Louis XIV’s founding of the Acadà ©mie Royale de Danse in 1661, wherein professional dancers received training to perform for the king and his court. Upon ballet’s increased state of professionalism and movement to locations apart from the court ballroom, women were incorporated into the formerly male-dominated art, leading ballet to be deemed a woman’s profession by the nineteenth century. With the coming of the 20th century, a focus regarding the viewRead MoreThe Opening Of The Imperial Ballet School1500 Words   |  6 PagesAfter the Romantic-era ballet had died out in Paris and Russia became the new focus . In 1738, the opening of the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg attracted many great dancers and choreographers such as Marie Taglioni. This school was controlled by an aristocrat named Czar. The most well known 19th century choreographer, Marius Petipa, became the ballet master of the entire school, shaping imperial and classical ballet. Ideas such as increased focus on technique, formulaic choreographyRead MoreFascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan1741 Words   |  7 Pages Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan all shared a global concept of fascism where the willingness to create a collective conscious of nationhood was justified through imperialism. Indeed, the importance of nationalism within Fascist culture would greatly affect the foreign policies of Italy, Germany, and Japan during the 1930s and 1940s. World War one had brought about revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, and technology, where the advent of total war and mass mobi lizationRead MoreWhy Was the Irish question So Troublesome for the British Governments in the Period 1868-1921?1288 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Britain and Ireland had merged under the Act of Union 1801. While the British Empire was changing and liberalizing its system of imperial rule granting greater independence to Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa , Ireland was forced to remain a part of the Union and used as a source of cheaper food supplies and labor, which could not be acceptable for the Irish. In one of his letters, then a future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli referred to maintaining the boiling Ireland as theRead MoreNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdomination of industrialized countries over subject lands * Domination achieved through trade, investment, and business activities * Two types of modern colonialism * Colonies ruled and populated by migrants * Colonies controlled by imperial powers without significant settlement * Economic motives of imperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personal fortunes * Overseas expansion for raw materials: rubber, tin, copper, petroleum * Colonies were potentialRead MoreThe Creation Of The British Colonial Empire1475 Words   |  6 Pageswas one of the great facts of history. For the Empire, Britain took a larger share than any other nation in developing the movement of people between continents; it also has changed the expansion of Whites, Blacks and Indians. By exporting outside its borders, together with its colonists, civilization, language, and institutions, it contributed mightily to the vast movement of Westernization of the world. Many historians debate on how the empire began. In general, they say it started in the earlyRead MoreHow important was Martin Luther in influencing the course of the Reformation?1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe diet concluded that the princes would have princely autonomy, which allowed the princes to adopt new religion without fear. â€Å"Each one [prince] is to rule and at as he hopes to answer to God and his Imperial majesty.† This made Lutheranism spread much easier. In 1531 the League of Schmalkalden was formed by Philip I Landgrave of Hesse and John Frederick which was a territorial political movement to break from Rome giving them economic advantages as money would go to their territories rather than

How Information Management And Technology - 1908 Words

While this class may be set up for us to get a taste of entrepreneurship and the difficulties of working in small groups to build a company, this class also sheds light on the rigors of growing a successful company in the start-up realm. But despite its challenges, I knew that this class would provide more insight to working with teams and being able to work collectively in small groups to reach a common goal. That is what interested me most. Going back to the various ways Information Management and Technology can be incorporated in the working world, I think this course has a vital role in the curriculum the iSchool has to offer. Unlike other classes where our knowledge is tested by written exams or presentations, this class is unique in the way where we learn with trial and error. Instead of our work being graded on the finished product, our work is graded on the process of getting to that finished product. I’m currently taking IST 233 and IST 335 and they are quite polar op posites of each other. In IST 233, we’re learning about how computers and routers are setup so they work with other computers across the globe. We’re tested on a daily basis on what we learn throughout the class, but IST 335 is much diverse in the way where the lessons we are taught in class cannot be found in any other course on campus. A lecture that stood out to me was the topic of stress. There have been many times where I have dealt with stress in my life, but because stress is so present inShow MoreRelatedHow Technology Is The Future State Of Health Information Management1591 Words   |  7 PagesReflecting on Using Technology I ve learned that as part of my job you need to utilize technology to your advantage, use it to improve work processes and become an expert so you can train others. Throughout my career, I have had opportunities to improve our work processes by diagnosing the current state of the health information management department and identifying problems that exist, assigning a level of importance to each one, and assessing the kinds of changes needed to solve the problemsRead MoreIdentitative Technology : How Upgrading An Information Management System820 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper will show how upgrading an information management system will help the company increase their security and making decisions based on quantitative data once the researcher conducts the research. The Chief Information Officer of the company decided it was time for an upgrade to the company information system. The information technologist will be looking at upgrading the organization hardware, software, networks, and telecommunications system. Therefore, by collecting data, sampling distributionsRead MoreHow Business Management Has Greatly Influenced The World Of Information Technology925 Words   |  4 Pagesof education is to turn mirrors into windows Business management had greatly influenced the world of information technology in the past few decades. Having done my undergraduate degree in the field of Engineering, I worked as an Application Developer in iNautix Technologies for the past 1.5 years. Well exposed to technical and web concepts, I was much intrigued by the rational decisions taken in the business processes that demanded information quality. 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What are its management, organization, and technology components? a) Define an information system and describe the activities it performs. From the textbook defines an information system as a set of interrelated components that work together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization. In addition to supporting decision makingRead MoreOrganization Planning, Project Management, and Information Technology1319 Words   |  6 PagesProject Management, and Information Technology The successful implementation and subsequent meaningful use of information technology solutions within a health care organization is a challenging and iterative process. The organization must engage in careful and ongoing strategic and tactical planning to ensure that the implemented technology will ultimately be effective and beneficial for its practitioners, staff, and patients. To prepare for this Application Assignment, review the information presentedRead MoreWal Mart s Supply Chain Management Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesCHAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Praseeda Sasanka Pisipati NUID :94862513 Table of Contents: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 A Brief History of Supply Chain Management (SCM)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 How Supply chain management influenced the retail business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Gartner hype cycle and scope of SCM trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Supply Chain Management in the Gartner hype cycle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 Moore’s Technology AdaptationRead MoreInformation Literacy and Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership in It Management1337 Words   |  6 PagesInformation Literacy and Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership in IT Management R. 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How to Write a Research Essay Free Essays

This guide looks at writing a research essay. We also have other useful guides to different sorts of essays including persuasive essays and critical essays, so take a look at these as well. Obviously, research essays have a lot in common with the other forms of essays: the language should be academic, and they should be clearly structured with an introduction, main body and conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Research Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Refer to our guide ‘what is an essay’ for more details. This guide will focus on what is unique about a research essay. The Purpose of a Research Essay In order to understand how to write a research essay, it is necessary to understand what it is, so you can focus upon what you are asked to do. A research essay is primarily concerned to give an informed overview of a particular topic, based on the most appropriate research in the field. Depending on the subject, the research may also need to be recent. In some cases, a research essay also needs to analyse or critique a perspective, or argue for a particular point of view. All research essays should present a full survey of a particular field of knowledge. Research essays, or papers, are associated particularly with PhDs. Getting Started Make sure you thoroughly understand what you are asked to do, read the title (if there is one) and also any documents your tutor has given you with further guidelines. Are you being asked to do a report on a particular topic, analyse an issue, or something else Plan a schedule of work (what you are going to do, and by when) and set deadlines for yourself in order to meet the final deadline set by your department. Use the course textbooks, reading materials and reading lists as a starting point. Expand outwards and carry out keyword searches in relevant electronic databases. Use bibliographies and reference lists for more ideas. Keep a note of questions and ideas as you go along. Working on your Essay Continue to make notes as you research. Consider using a table to collate information. Don’t forget to include full details of the paper or textbook – you’ll need these for the reference list. Note the page number of any quotations you use It’s often a good idea to brainstorm with others: your tutor, your fellow students, or even friends outside your course. Different people bring new perspectives. Make sure you are working to schedule. If there’s a problem and you are finding it hard to progress as you need to, consider seeking advice from your tutor. You might be being unreasonable about how long stages should really take, or using inappropriate research strategies. As you research, move from a broad focus to a narrow one. Initially look for overviews of the topic using a range of tools from key word searches of internet databases to hand searching journals. While giving a broad overview, and covering different perspectives, don’t lose track of what interests you about the topic. As you learn more about the subject, continuing to make notes, develop a particular focus to shape your essay. Writing Up your Ideas Organization is key. You should by now have an extensive collection of well-organised notes. Start organising the collection in terms of common themes or sub-topics. This stage may well reveal gaps in your research which you can now address. You should now be breaking down the information into its parts, and showing how they relate to each other, looking at different aspects of the topic and relating them together. You could compare and contrast, bring out advantages and disadvantages, show the logic of cause and effect, develop the implications of a particular premise Now is also the stage to remove irrelevant information Make sure your writing style is appropriate for an academic audience. Your tutor might suggest a model structure, otherwise you might use an outline similar to this: Introduction (problem statement, outline of area, what will be covered) Main body I (overview of area) Main body II (main theoretical perspectives) Main body III (practical perspectives / current implications of topic) Main body IV (the future, suggestions, reflections) Conclusion (summary of essay, suggestions for future research / practice) And Finally†¦ Consider having other people read through your essay and critique it. Even if you disagree with their comments, the new perspective is useful. Read through your essay yourself to check it makes sense; look for grammatical and spelling errors. It’s easier to do this if you print a copy out rather than reading it again on screen. Double check your references and citations. Make sure you use the recommended format. Bibliography State University of New York (2013) ‘What is a Research Paper?’ [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/research/research-paper/ University of Leicester (2013) Writing Guide 2: Writing a Research Paper [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/law/current/writing-guide/Writing_Guide_Research_Paper_2009.pdf Schwartz, K L (1997) ‘Step by Step Research and Writing’, [online] (cited 12th February 2013) available from http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~gzt/tips/step_by_step_research_and_writing.pdf How to cite How to Write a Research Essay, Essays

Inventory Management Corporate Risk Management

Question: Discuss about the Inventory Management for Corporate Risk Management. Answer: Introduction: In an organization or business, every department interconnected to each other and often overlapped. Some of the key aspects are the backbone of the delivery function of the business such as logistics, supply chain management and inventory management. That is way, these functions are necessary for the managers in the market and for the financial controller. Inventory management is one of the important functions that determine the good health of the supply chain and good health of the finance in the balance sheet (Michalski, 2011.). Every organization wants to maintain its inventory that fulfils its daily requirement and also wants to avoid the over and under the inventory that has an impact on the financial position of the company. Inventory management is a dynamic process that requires careful and constant examination of internal and external factors and their control through review and planning. Most of the organization and business have the separate department or the job person for the inventory management who known as an inventory planner that continuously monitor, control and review inventory and also interferes with the activities of production and finance departments. In this research proposal, the study will conduct on the Effect of inventory management on the performance and financial position of the organization (Michalski, 2011). Aim and background of the Research The aim of the research is to find out the effect of the inventory management on the business performance and the financial position of the organization. In this research, the study conducted on what is proper management of the inventory, how the inventory management will affect the financial position of the organization and how it will improve the performance of the business (Wang, 2014). After the revolution in the industries, the main goal of the businesses is mass and efficiency production along with the customer satisfaction. In the Harvard University, a team designed the checkout system in 1930 (Bianco Gamba, 2014.). This checkout system used cards that are similar to the catalogue items. The information on the checkout cards would be read by the computer and passed to the storeroom, which then brought the required item that the customers were waiting in front. Because of this automated system, the machine automated generated the bills and managed the inventory. This system is very expensive, but its new version is used in some of the stores. This type system is mostly used for the items that are costly and controlled such as medicines. The researchers knew that the business requires the more efficient system, so, they developed the bar coding system in 1950s. It used the ink that is ultra-violet rays sensitive and a reader that mark the items for the sale (zer, 2009.). However, this system is cumbersome and requires the computer system. In 1960s the development of the laser technology that is affordable. This technology supports to design the smaller, cheaper and faster scanners. The Universal Product Code or Modern Bar Code was developed and used in early 1970s (Michalski, 2011.). With the improvement in the computing system, the power of the UPC codes, enhanced and used to manage the inventory. In the 1990s, the retailer started using the modern inventory control systems. This modern system works on the circular process that was from purchase checking to monitoring the inventory to re-ordering and back again to purchase targeted. In the recent years, many new technologies are developed for the inventory management; among them is better one vendor-managed inventory (Kashyap, 2012.). In this system, a vendor is responsible for the store keeping of the products on the shelves of the store. The vendor and retailer closely work together and communicate the proprietary information The significance of the inventory management In an organization, if the organization is product seller, the effective management of the inventory is the driving force for the generation of revenue and profits. Revenue is the money collected by the company when it sells its inventory and the profit is the final income of the organization after deducting the cost. This means that if the cost of the inventory minimized and the price of the product increased through the inventory management is the successful key for the profit and revenue gains (Sui, Gosavi, Lin, 2010). The management of the inventory in the cost efficient way supports to optimize the profits of the organization. The calculation of the inventory turnover ratio helps the organization to know about the effective sale through the inventory. If the inventory is, lower than the required, it will affect the operation of the production and if the inventory is more than the required than it has an adverse effect on the financial condition of the organization (Van Belle, 2 015). So, the significance of the inventory management is the improvement of the financial position and smooth production and working in the organization. Research question In the research proposal, the research questionnaire will be set on the following research questions. What is the effective inventory management? How an organization can carry out the proper management of the inventory Is the inventory management have impact on the business performance and customer satisfaction Is the inventory management have no impact on the business performance and customer satisfaction How the inventory management improves the business performance and the customer satisfaction Is the inventory management have impact on the financial position of the organization Is the inventory management have no impact on the financial position of the organization How the inventory management improves the financial position of the organization Gantt chart for the research work Team Charter for the research work Team charter Purpose of the team To know the effectiveness of the inventory management on the performance, customer satisfaction and financial position of the organization Duration and scope The team will work for the next 12 months together and scope of the research plan is to know the significance of the inventory management Members Desired result The desired result is the positive impact of the inventory management on the performance, customer satisfaction and financial position of the organization. Supporting resources Supporting resources will be research journals, articles and book relation to the tittle of the research. Reporting plan The reporting leader will discuss the progress of the research on every Monday during the research period. References Bianco, M. Gamba,(2014). A. Inventory and Corporate Risk Management.SSRN Electronic Journal. Kashyap, R. (2012). Fighting Uncertainty with Uncertainty: Inventory Management Example.SSRN Electronic Journal. Michalski,(2011). G. Value-Based Inventory Management.SSRN Electronic Journal. zer, (2009). . Inventory Management: Information, Coordination and Rationality.SSRN Electronic Journal. Sui, Z., Gosavi, A., Lin, L. (2010). A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Inventory Replenishment in Vendor-Managed Inventory Systems With Consignment Inventory.Engineering Management Journal,22(4), 44-53. Van Belle, D. (2015). INVENTORY MANAGEMENT.Acta Hortic., (1085), 333-334. Wang, Y. (2014). Enterprise Inventory Management and Simulation.AMR,933, 874-878.